{ "title": "Small-Business Email Authentication Field Study (2026)", "author": "Valentin Bora", "url": "https://doesmyemail.work/research/state-of-small-business-email-usa-canada-june-2026/", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "collected": "2026-06", "method": "Public DNS lookup (SPF apex TXT, DKIM across 40 selectors, MX, DMARC)", "sample": { "firms_scanned": 4673, "cities": [ "Boise, ID", "Richmond, VA", "Halifax, NS", "Calgary, AB", "Austin, TX", "Nashville, TN", "Tampa, FL", "Minneapolis, MN", "Denver, CO", "Portland, OR", "Sacramento, CA", "Toronto, ON", "Vancouver, BC", "Montreal, QC", "Ottawa, ON", "Winnipeg, MB" ], "city_count": 16, "verticals": [ "law", "real-estate", "accounting", "healthcare", "nonprofits" ], "exclusions": [ "national franchises", "hospital systems", "property-management chains", "enterprise domains" ] }, "combined": { "auth_incomplete_pct": 54.8, "missing_dkim_pct": 51.1, "missing_spf_pct": 21, "missing_mx_pct": 9.7, "fully_configured_pct": 45.2, "spoofable_pct": 80.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.4, "dmarc_monitoring_among_has_record_pct": 62.7, "spf_plus_all_count": 1, "us_auth_incomplete_pct": 58.1, "ca_auth_incomplete_pct": 50.7, "us_dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30, "ca_dmarc_monitoring_pct": 36.1, "us_dmarc_enforced_pct": 20.3, "ca_dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.3 }, "by_vertical": [ { "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 62.4, "no_dkim_pct": 56.2, "no_spf_pct": 31.7, "no_mx_pct": 15.8, "spoofable_pct": 89.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 10.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 43, "n": 537 }, { "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 61.7, "no_dkim_pct": 59.2, "no_spf_pct": 24.2, "no_mx_pct": 12.4, "spoofable_pct": 83.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28, "n": 1287 }, { "vertical": "law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 55.5, "no_dkim_pct": 53.1, "no_spf_pct": 16, "no_mx_pct": 6.5, "spoofable_pct": 80.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.9, "n": 1344 }, { "vertical": "accounting", "auth_incomplete_pct": 51.2, "no_dkim_pct": 46.3, "no_spf_pct": 17.9, "no_mx_pct": 6.8, "spoofable_pct": 78.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.5, "n": 776 }, { "vertical": "nonprofits", "auth_incomplete_pct": 39.9, "no_dkim_pct": 34.4, "no_spf_pct": 20, "no_mx_pct": 9.1, "spoofable_pct": 72.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 27.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 40.7, "n": 729 } ], "by_city": [ { "city": "Nashville, TN", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 64.3, "fully_configured_pct": 34.9, "no_dkim_pct": 58.5, "no_mx_pct": 12.1, "spoofable_pct": 80.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.7, "n": 272 }, { "city": "Tampa, FL", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 63.5, "fully_configured_pct": 36.1, "no_dkim_pct": 58.1, "no_mx_pct": 10.6, "spoofable_pct": 84.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 15.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34.2, "n": 310 }, { "city": "Boise, ID", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 62.6, "fully_configured_pct": 37.1, "no_dkim_pct": 59.2, "no_mx_pct": 13.9, "spoofable_pct": 81.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 24.5, "n": 294 }, { "city": "Sacramento, CA", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 60.6, "fully_configured_pct": 39.4, "no_dkim_pct": 58, "no_mx_pct": 11.7, "spoofable_pct": 79.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 26.6, "n": 274 }, { "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 58, "fully_configured_pct": 42, "no_dkim_pct": 55.7, "no_mx_pct": 11.7, "spoofable_pct": 80, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30.7, "n": 300 }, { "city": "Portland, OR", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 56.2, "fully_configured_pct": 43.5, "no_dkim_pct": 53.3, "no_mx_pct": 7.6, "spoofable_pct": 76.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 23.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 26.7, "n": 315 }, { "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 55.7, "fully_configured_pct": 44, "no_dkim_pct": 53.5, "no_mx_pct": 11.3, "spoofable_pct": 82.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 17.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30.5, "n": 282 }, { "city": "Halifax, NS", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 55.2, "fully_configured_pct": 44.8, "no_dkim_pct": 51.7, "no_mx_pct": 13.8, "spoofable_pct": 80.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 37.5, "n": 232 }, { "city": "Richmond, VA", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 52.8, "fully_configured_pct": 47.2, "no_dkim_pct": 49.6, "no_mx_pct": 11.4, "spoofable_pct": 79.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 31.9, "n": 254 }, { "city": "Denver, CO", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 52.5, "fully_configured_pct": 47.5, "no_dkim_pct": 48.2, "no_mx_pct": 10, "spoofable_pct": 77.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 22.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.6, "n": 301 }, { "city": "Austin, TX", "country": "US", "auth_incomplete_pct": 52.3, "fully_configured_pct": 47.3, "no_dkim_pct": 48, "no_mx_pct": 8, "spoofable_pct": 78, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 22, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34.3, "n": 300 }, { "city": "Toronto, ON", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 50.7, "fully_configured_pct": 49.3, "no_dkim_pct": 44.2, "no_mx_pct": 7.6, "spoofable_pct": 78.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34.6, "n": 353 }, { "city": "Ottawa, ON", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 49.2, "fully_configured_pct": 50.8, "no_dkim_pct": 45.5, "no_mx_pct": 5, "spoofable_pct": 81.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.6, "n": 303 }, { "city": "Calgary, AB", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.9, "fully_configured_pct": 50.8, "no_dkim_pct": 45.4, "no_mx_pct": 5, "spoofable_pct": 80.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34, "n": 262 }, { "city": "Montreal, QC", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.4, "fully_configured_pct": 51.6, "no_dkim_pct": 45.5, "no_mx_pct": 9.7, "spoofable_pct": 84.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 15.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 36, "n": 308 }, { "city": "Vancouver, BC", "country": "CA", "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.2, "fully_configured_pct": 51.8, "no_dkim_pct": 45.4, "no_mx_pct": 6.7, "spoofable_pct": 84, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 41.2, "n": 313 } ], "by_cell": [ { "country": "US", "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "law", "n": 91, "spoofable_pct": 85.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 14.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 17.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 68.1, "no_spf_pct": 29.7, "no_dkim_pct": 68.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 72.5, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 44, "spoofable_pct": 88.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 11.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 36.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 52.3, "no_spf_pct": 43.2, "no_dkim_pct": 59.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 65.9, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 40, "spoofable_pct": 72.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 27.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 12.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 60, "no_spf_pct": 25, "no_dkim_pct": 52.5, "auth_incomplete_pct": 55, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 78, "spoofable_pct": 80.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 24.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 56.4, "no_spf_pct": 20.5, "no_dkim_pct": 65.4, "auth_incomplete_pct": 66.7, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 41, "spoofable_pct": 73.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 26.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 39, "dmarc_none_pct": 34.1, "no_spf_pct": 19.5, "no_dkim_pct": 34.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 36.6, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "law", "n": 65, "spoofable_pct": 73.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 26.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 41.5, "no_spf_pct": 13.8, "no_dkim_pct": 41.5, "auth_incomplete_pct": 44.6, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 28, "spoofable_pct": 92.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 7.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 57.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 35.7, "no_spf_pct": 25, "no_dkim_pct": 42.9, "auth_incomplete_pct": 50, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 43, "spoofable_pct": 76.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 23.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.2, "no_spf_pct": 18.6, "no_dkim_pct": 58.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 58.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 83, "spoofable_pct": 81.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 19.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 62.7, "no_spf_pct": 28.9, "no_dkim_pct": 60.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 63.9, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 35, "spoofable_pct": 77.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 22.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 40, "dmarc_none_pct": 37.1, "no_spf_pct": 28.6, "no_dkim_pct": 34.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 37.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "law", "n": 52, "spoofable_pct": 71.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 25, "dmarc_none_pct": 46.2, "no_spf_pct": 13.5, "no_dkim_pct": 50, "auth_incomplete_pct": 50, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 31, "spoofable_pct": 90.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 9.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 45.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 45.2, "no_spf_pct": 48.4, "no_dkim_pct": 67.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 77.4, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 39, "spoofable_pct": 79.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 41, "no_spf_pct": 20.5, "no_dkim_pct": 46.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 51.3, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 72, "spoofable_pct": 86.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 13.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 41.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.4, "no_spf_pct": 23.6, "no_dkim_pct": 58.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 61.1, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 38, "spoofable_pct": 73.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 26.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 39.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 34.2, "no_spf_pct": 21.1, "no_dkim_pct": 34.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 36.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "law", "n": 66, "spoofable_pct": 84.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 15.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 56.1, "no_spf_pct": 10.6, "no_dkim_pct": 53, "auth_incomplete_pct": 54.5, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 35, "spoofable_pct": 88.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 11.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 40, "dmarc_none_pct": 48.6, "no_spf_pct": 20, "no_dkim_pct": 45.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 54.3, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 60, "spoofable_pct": 83.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 36.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 46.7, "no_spf_pct": 16.7, "no_dkim_pct": 48.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 55, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 60, "spoofable_pct": 78.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 33.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 45, "no_spf_pct": 13.3, "no_dkim_pct": 53.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 55, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 41, "spoofable_pct": 65.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 34.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 31.7, "no_spf_pct": 4.9, "no_dkim_pct": 17.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 17.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "law", "n": 92, "spoofable_pct": 78.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 50, "no_spf_pct": 19.6, "no_dkim_pct": 53.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 55.4, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 34, "spoofable_pct": 97.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 2.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 61.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 35.3, "no_spf_pct": 29.4, "no_dkim_pct": 52.9, "auth_incomplete_pct": 61.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 53, "spoofable_pct": 71.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 24.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.2, "no_spf_pct": 11.3, "no_dkim_pct": 39.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 41.5, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 80, "spoofable_pct": 81.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 52.5, "no_spf_pct": 25, "no_dkim_pct": 53.8, "auth_incomplete_pct": 56.3, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 41, "spoofable_pct": 63.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 36.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 48.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 14.6, "no_spf_pct": 19.5, "no_dkim_pct": 31.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 43.9, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "law", "n": 85, "spoofable_pct": 84.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 15.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 27.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 57.6, "no_spf_pct": 16.5, "no_dkim_pct": 64.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 70.6, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 35, "spoofable_pct": 88.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 11.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 31.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 57.1, "no_spf_pct": 42.9, "no_dkim_pct": 74.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 80, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 39, "spoofable_pct": 56.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 43.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 17.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 38.5, "no_spf_pct": 20.5, "no_dkim_pct": 46.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 53.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 76, "spoofable_pct": 82.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 17.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 23.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 59.2, "no_spf_pct": 31.6, "no_dkim_pct": 59.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 63.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 37, "spoofable_pct": 81.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 51.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 29.7, "no_spf_pct": 16.2, "no_dkim_pct": 40.5, "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.6, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "law", "n": 96, "spoofable_pct": 80.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 37.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 42.7, "no_spf_pct": 11.5, "no_dkim_pct": 57.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 60.4, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 31, "spoofable_pct": 87.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 12.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 48.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 38.7, "no_spf_pct": 38.7, "no_dkim_pct": 61.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 64.5, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 54, "spoofable_pct": 81.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 18.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 27.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 53.7, "no_spf_pct": 31.5, "no_dkim_pct": 55.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 66.7, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 85, "spoofable_pct": 88.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 11.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 27.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 61.2, "no_spf_pct": 25.9, "no_dkim_pct": 64.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 67.1, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 44, "spoofable_pct": 86.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 13.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.7, "no_spf_pct": 34.1, "no_dkim_pct": 47.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 59.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "law", "n": 90, "spoofable_pct": 80, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 26.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 53.3, "no_spf_pct": 13.3, "no_dkim_pct": 56.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 58.9, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 33, "spoofable_pct": 93.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 6.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 36.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 57.6, "no_spf_pct": 27.3, "no_dkim_pct": 69.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 46, "spoofable_pct": 71.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 41.3, "no_spf_pct": 17.4, "no_dkim_pct": 43.5, "auth_incomplete_pct": 43.5, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 79, "spoofable_pct": 82.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 17.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 15.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 67.1, "no_spf_pct": 25.3, "no_dkim_pct": 70.9, "auth_incomplete_pct": 73.4, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 52, "spoofable_pct": 75, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 25, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 57.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 17.3, "no_spf_pct": 15.4, "no_dkim_pct": 32.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 34.6, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "law", "n": 95, "spoofable_pct": 77.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 22.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 33.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.2, "no_spf_pct": 14.7, "no_dkim_pct": 45.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.4, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 31, "spoofable_pct": 93.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 6.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 48.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 45.2, "no_spf_pct": 29, "no_dkim_pct": 61.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 64.5, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 49, "spoofable_pct": 79.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 46.9, "no_spf_pct": 16.3, "no_dkim_pct": 53.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 55.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 80, "spoofable_pct": 71.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 17.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 53.8, "no_spf_pct": 23.8, "no_dkim_pct": 55, "auth_incomplete_pct": 57.5, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 46, "spoofable_pct": 71.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 45.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 26.1, "no_spf_pct": 23.9, "no_dkim_pct": 28.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 41.3, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "law", "n": 99, "spoofable_pct": 80.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 21.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 59.6, "no_spf_pct": 22.2, "no_dkim_pct": 65.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 67.7, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 36, "spoofable_pct": 86.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 13.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.2, "no_spf_pct": 33.3, "no_dkim_pct": 44.4, "auth_incomplete_pct": 52.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 54, "spoofable_pct": 77.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 22.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 29.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 48.1, "no_spf_pct": 16.7, "no_dkim_pct": 48.1, "auth_incomplete_pct": 50, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 81, "spoofable_pct": 75.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 24.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 16, "dmarc_none_pct": 59.3, "no_spf_pct": 19.8, "no_dkim_pct": 61.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 64.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 45, "spoofable_pct": 62.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 37.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 44.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 17.8, "no_spf_pct": 11.1, "no_dkim_pct": 24.4, "auth_incomplete_pct": 26.7, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "law", "n": 83, "spoofable_pct": 90.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 9.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 32.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 57.8, "no_spf_pct": 16.9, "no_dkim_pct": 54.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 54.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 27, "spoofable_pct": 74.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 25.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 29.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.4, "no_spf_pct": 29.6, "no_dkim_pct": 59.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 63, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 47, "spoofable_pct": 78.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 19.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 59.6, "no_spf_pct": 19.1, "no_dkim_pct": 55.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 63.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "US", "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 74, "spoofable_pct": 77, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 23, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 18.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 58.1, "no_spf_pct": 25.7, "no_dkim_pct": 70.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 71.6, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "US", "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 43, "spoofable_pct": 69.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 30.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 34.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 34.9, "no_spf_pct": 20.9, "no_dkim_pct": 46.5, "auth_incomplete_pct": 48.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "law", "n": 104, "spoofable_pct": 80.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 19.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 33.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.1, "no_spf_pct": 12.5, "no_dkim_pct": 43.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 47.1, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 34, "spoofable_pct": 82.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 17.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 47.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 35.3, "no_spf_pct": 29.4, "no_dkim_pct": 38.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 47.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 51, "spoofable_pct": 86.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 13.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 45.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 41.2, "no_spf_pct": 21.6, "no_dkim_pct": 39.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 51, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 96, "spoofable_pct": 83.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 28.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 55.2, "no_spf_pct": 31.3, "no_dkim_pct": 57.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 62.5, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 68, "spoofable_pct": 58.8, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 41.2, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 27.9, "no_spf_pct": 23.5, "no_dkim_pct": 33.8, "auth_incomplete_pct": 41.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "law", "n": 92, "spoofable_pct": 78.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 40.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 38, "no_spf_pct": 14.1, "no_dkim_pct": 42.4, "auth_incomplete_pct": 44.6, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 33, "spoofable_pct": 90.9, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 9.1, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 48.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 42.4, "no_spf_pct": 21.2, "no_dkim_pct": 60.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 60.6, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 50, "spoofable_pct": 84, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 44, "dmarc_none_pct": 40, "no_spf_pct": 12, "no_dkim_pct": 36, "auth_incomplete_pct": 40, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 89, "spoofable_pct": 93.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 6.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 37.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 56.2, "no_spf_pct": 25.8, "no_dkim_pct": 56.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 58.4, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 49, "spoofable_pct": 73.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 26.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 42.9, "dmarc_none_pct": 30.6, "no_spf_pct": 14.3, "no_dkim_pct": 30.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 36.7, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "law", "n": 79, "spoofable_pct": 83.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 16.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 31.6, "dmarc_none_pct": 51.9, "no_spf_pct": 13.9, "no_dkim_pct": 50.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 53.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 34, "spoofable_pct": 85.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 14.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 41.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.1, "no_spf_pct": 20.6, "no_dkim_pct": 41.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 47.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 55, "spoofable_pct": 85.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 14.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 47.3, "no_spf_pct": 14.5, "no_dkim_pct": 38.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 41.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 88, "spoofable_pct": 85.2, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 14.8, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 35.2, "dmarc_none_pct": 50, "no_spf_pct": 22.7, "no_dkim_pct": 50, "auth_incomplete_pct": 52.3, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 52, "spoofable_pct": 84.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 15.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 38.5, "dmarc_none_pct": 46.2, "no_spf_pct": 25, "no_dkim_pct": 40.4, "auth_incomplete_pct": 42.3, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "law", "n": 86, "spoofable_pct": 72.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 27.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 22.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 50, "no_spf_pct": 11.6, "no_dkim_pct": 50, "auth_incomplete_pct": 50, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 38, "spoofable_pct": 94.7, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 5.3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 50, "dmarc_none_pct": 44.7, "no_spf_pct": 26.3, "no_dkim_pct": 50, "auth_incomplete_pct": 57.9, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 51, "spoofable_pct": 78.4, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.6, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 45.1, "dmarc_none_pct": 33.3, "no_spf_pct": 11.8, "no_dkim_pct": 37.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 43.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 81, "spoofable_pct": 92.6, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 7.4, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 45.7, "dmarc_none_pct": 46.9, "no_spf_pct": 19.8, "no_dkim_pct": 50.6, "auth_incomplete_pct": 53.1, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 47, "spoofable_pct": 74.5, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 25.5, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 40.4, "dmarc_none_pct": 34, "no_spf_pct": 23.4, "no_dkim_pct": 34, "auth_incomplete_pct": 40.4, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "law", "n": 69, "spoofable_pct": 78.3, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 21.7, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 20.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 58, "no_spf_pct": 18.8, "no_dkim_pct": 49.3, "auth_incomplete_pct": 49.3, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "real-estate", "n": 33, "spoofable_pct": 97, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 3, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 66.7, "no_spf_pct": 39.4, "no_dkim_pct": 72.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "accounting", "n": 45, "spoofable_pct": 80, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 20, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 37.8, "dmarc_none_pct": 42.2, "no_spf_pct": 15.6, "no_dkim_pct": 46.7, "auth_incomplete_pct": 51.1, "sample_warning": true }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "healthcare", "n": 85, "spoofable_pct": 87.1, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 12.9, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 35.3, "dmarc_none_pct": 51.8, "no_spf_pct": 20, "no_dkim_pct": 61.2, "auth_incomplete_pct": 61.2, "sample_warning": false }, { "country": "CA", "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "nonprofits", "n": 50, "spoofable_pct": 72, "dmarc_enforced_pct": 28, "dmarc_monitoring_pct": 30, "dmarc_none_pct": 42, "no_spf_pct": 18, "no_dkim_pct": 40, "auth_incomplete_pct": 46, "sample_warning": true } ], "worst_by_city": [ { "city": "Nashville, TN", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 80, "n": 35 }, { "city": "Halifax, NS", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 77.4, "n": 31 }, { "city": "Minneapolis, MN", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "n": 33 }, { "city": "Winnipeg, MB", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "n": 33 }, { "city": "Boise, ID", "vertical": "law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 72.5, "n": 91 }, { "city": "Sacramento, CA", "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 71.6, "n": 74 }, { "city": "Portland, OR", "vertical": "law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 67.7, "n": 99 }, { "city": "Tampa, FL", "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 67.1, "n": 85 }, { "city": "Denver, CO", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 64.5, "n": 31 }, { "city": "Richmond, VA", "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 63.9, "n": 83 }, { "city": "Toronto, ON", "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 62.5, "n": 96 }, { "city": "Austin, TX", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 61.8, "n": 34 }, { "city": "Vancouver, BC", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 60.6, "n": 33 }, { "city": "Ottawa, ON", "vertical": "real-estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 57.9, "n": 38 }, { "city": "Calgary, AB", "vertical": "healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 55, "n": 60 }, { "city": "Montreal, QC", "vertical": "law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 53.2, "n": 79 } ], "worst_cells": [ { "cell": "Nashville, TN, Real estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 80, "n": 35 }, { "cell": "Halifax, NS, Real estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 77.4, "n": 31 }, { "cell": "Minneapolis, MN, Real estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "n": 33 }, { "cell": "Winnipeg, MB, Real estate", "auth_incomplete_pct": 75.8, "n": 33 }, { "cell": "Minneapolis, MN, Healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 73.4, "n": 79 }, { "cell": "Boise, ID, Law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 72.5, "n": 91 }, { "cell": "Sacramento, CA, Healthcare", "auth_incomplete_pct": 71.6, "n": 74 }, { "cell": "Nashville, TN, Law", "auth_incomplete_pct": 70.6, "n": 85 } ], "comparison_ladder": [ { "population": "Fortune 500", "has_dmarc_record": "95%", "at_enforcement": "~80%", "p_none_of_all": "n/a", "source": "EasyDMARC 2026" }, { "population": "Valimail enterprise set", "has_dmarc_record": "78%", "at_enforcement": "42%", "p_none_of_all": "25%", "source": "Valimail 2026 State of DMARC" }, { "population": "Global top 1.8M domains", "has_dmarc_record": "52.1%", "at_enforcement": "~23%", "p_none_of_all": "n/a", "source": "EasyDMARC 2026" }, { "population": "Local SMBs (this study)", "has_dmarc_record": "52.2%", "at_enforcement": "19.4%", "p_none_of_all": "32.7%", "source": "This study" } ], "caveats": [ "DKIM figure is a lower bound on adoption: a firm using an uncommon selector reads as missing. The 54.8% incomplete headline is therefore an upper bound on true incompleteness.", "Sample is firms with a verified Google listing and a live website; firms with no web presence are excluded and are likely less complete, so figures read as the digitally-present subset (a best case).", "Some no-MX domains are deliberate (send-only, parked, or mail on a separate domain), so the MX gap is an upper bound on truly unreachable domains.", "Headline incomplete carries a 95% Wilson confidence interval of about plus or minus 1.4 points; per-cell figures (n as low as ~31) are far wider.", "Methodology v2 uses 40 DKIM selectors (Wang et al. parity); do not mix with v1 (17-selector) aggregates.", "Spoofable (no DMARC enforcement) is a secondary security metric, not a deliverability failure.", "DNS inference only: inbox placement and actual signing behavior are not measured." ] }